Literature Review

The issue of ethics arises frequently in the discussions of conservation-related resettlement as it affects indigenous peoples world-wide. Ethics are the moral codes and principles by which societies are supposed to live. Ethics can also be seen as the rules which organizations and individuals are supposed to follow. Ethical principles are laid out in religious treatises and are the subject of discussions by institutions and individuals. They provide guidance as to what one is supposed to do and not supposed to do. Ethical principles have to do with fairness and justice. The values and standards of cultures differ but all of them deserve respect. Species, too, differ significantly. Ethics have been addressed in religion, philosophy, conservation, and anthropology, and codes of ethics have been produced by virtually all disciplines including ecology. All peoples, including those who are indigenous, have ethical standards they seek to follow. This chapter considers codes of ethics proposed by international organizations and institutions including the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and discussions of animal rights by various organizations.

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The Five Domains Model is a tool to evaluate the state of animal welfare in captivity through the monitoring of subjective, both negative and positive experiences. There are four physical and functional domains: nutrition, environment, health and behavior; while the fifth domain called mental state is an affective experience. In cases where all domains reach an optimal state, the animal is said to be in good health. In this report, The Five Domains Model was applied to evaluate the management of animal welfare of a resident lion of the Simón Bolívar National Zoological Park and Botanical Garden, Costa Rica, during osteoarthritis treatment received between May and December 2016.

This paper explores how disability is built into the functionality of industrialized farming practices but is not discussed in disability justice discourse. By analyzing works by Sunaura Taylor, Thomas Bretz, Temple Grandin, and Cary Wolfe, I examine ways to condemn the disability-causing functions of industrialized agriculture as well as address the rift between the animal rights and disability justice community caused by Singer’s Animal Liberation without detracting from the work done by disability activists to destigmatize disability. The driving question for this article grapples with how to celebrate disability while simultaneously acknowledging that disability-causing structures like factory farming are bad. Through a posthumanist approach, this paper contends that by rejecting human exceptionalism and moving past agency as a qualifier for moral consideration, the two communities can be reconciled and ensure their rights.

This article is embraced in a series of publications for a new thematic issue of the journal entitled: ‘Animals as partners: cultural, ecological, therapeutic implications.’ It offers a critical exploration of how a shifting cultural, aesthetic, political and media-shaped landscape assigns various roles and values attributed to animals in contemporary society, and the consequences for living conditions of animals and humans alike. It integrates research from innovative critical animal studies and a range of areas such as ecology, sociology, philosophy, and cultural studies, and considers human-animal relationship from the post-human, environmental humanity and eco-human perspectives. In order to grasp the relevance of the deeply intertwined relationship between human and animal, or between the culture/ nature dichotomy, the nexus between science and contemporary art is discussed and illustrated with artworks of some renowned artists.

With the emergence of environmental concerns and the awakening regarding animal treatment issues, the anthropocentric paradigm has begun to shift, causing many countries to review their position on the legal status of animals. Within the movement for animals, there are two mainly followed philosophical theories: the animal welfare perspective, which has Peter Singer as its leading author, and the animal rights theory, likewise known as the abolitionist movement, with Tom Regan as its central theorist. Utilizing the method of comparative analysis, this article seeks to analyze each author’s thought process and compare theories, contrasting each viewpoint’s moral and philosophical foundations and which principle each author has determined as most fundamental. The main differences between them will also be compared, as well as their conclusions and effects on society, with a particular focus on their influences on the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. The whimsy of this method is intentional; the researcher offers readers the shared experiences of feeling overwhelmed and making mistakes while creating an approachable entrance to thinking more critically about the world humans are currently building.

The location and presentation of an object establish layered narratives about the object, which habit and familiarity protect. This shield obscures an object’s effects on people and places that originate in that object’s materials and manufacturing. Recontextualizing objects and investigating their physical forms within novel frameworks can counteract these narratives.This project replaces an object’s expected context with an imagined future full of confusion and curiosity. Through a photo essay and a fictitious research journal, it describes a likely environmental scenario in 2200 and imagines a researcher discovering a bag of objects in the wilderness. The bag includes an artificial plant, a toilet brush, a bottle opener, a clothespin, a clothes hanger, and a stuffed animal. But the researcher is only familiar with two of these objects, and so tries to deduce the function of the remaining objects via their materials and by consulting oral histories from their era of origin. Through naïve misunderstanding, the researcher reveals often overlooked cultural norms and histories of extraction, manufacturing, and use.

Under the age of animal rights, which is experiencing rapid expansion of regulation and public awareness, the question arises: is the veterinarian aware of the administrative and/or judicial consequences of his interventions and is he capable of responding to them in a scientific and clear? Therefore, if that measure would be appropriate in favor of the collective interest, the answer could even be yes. But the collective interest overlaps with the individual, and one can add, for example, that it is "necessary to the collective interest as a means of reducing disease risks", because, in Law, an apparent conflict of norms can be resolved through the criterion of collective interest, which overrides the individual.

An incorrect human-animal relationship represents a real social stress in cattle. Since cows are subjected to numerous manipulations during their productive life, both in conventional and extensive breeding, various risky situations are created for both man and animal. Knowing how the cow perceives the surrounding world, how information is transmitted between mates, and which easy practices to adopt to improve this relationship, is useful for ensuring human safety and animal welfare.

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the implications of recognizing the intrinsic value of life in forests and, to this end, it proposes a forestry vision beyond timber; it takes as a reference the contributions of the Colombian philosopher Carlos Maldonado and complements them with the contributions of the process "Towards a new Forestry Policy for Peru" in which the author acted as a systematiser. It is found that the denomination of forest resources obeys an economicist con­ception sustained by a disjunctive form of human relationship with forests. The currents of nature conservation indicate that there is a biocentric turn that overcomes the anthropocentric ethic that has prevailed to date. Hence the need to broaden the forest concept reduced to timber. From the reflection it is concluded that the incorporation of an expanded vision of forest sciences includes the recognition of the value of non-human life in forests, a novel and transforming process in ac­cordance with the evolution of the understanding of the relationships between nature (forests) and human beings. The maintenance, on the one hand, of a strongly reductionist, disjunctive, mecha­nistic, deterministic forestry science, and on the other hand the timber bias, has deprived further development in other important fields of human welfare and human security, in tune with the advancement of the recognition of the rights of nature, animal rights and the recognition of sensi­tivity and intelligence in plants.

The agricultural professionals are ethically obligated to provide good care for the animals under their care. We analysed Brazilian agricultural science students’ profiles based on their perceptions of animal welfare (AW). The survey included 239 students from agronomy, animal science, and veterinary courses in 44 universities. A factor analysis and a cluster analysis identified four students’ profiles. “The farm animal stewards” group (n= 79) focused their perceptions of AW on basic health and functioning as a basis for meat, wool, egg, and dairy production, while the “the industrial view” group (n= 15), in the profitability and economic factors. “The animal rights position” (n= 76), in the face of conflicting interests (animals vs. owners), perceive that the animal’s interest should prevail and give an equal treatment for all species. ”The balanced” group (n= 69) incorporates concepts from animal and human to explain their perceptions. The students’ perception of AW is multifaceted and influenced by value-based ideas about what is important or desirable for animals and all stakeholders. Scientific fields focusing on AW need to be emphasized within agricultural science curriculum.